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0102030405
A complete analysis of new energy vehicle battery types
2025-06-05
1. Ternary lithium battery
Technical features: The positive electrode material contains nickel, cobalt, manganese (NCM) or nickel, cobalt, aluminum (NCA), with high energy density (160-250 Wh/kg), excellent low-temperature performance (can still work at -30°C), but poor thermal stability (thermal runaway temperature is about 200°C).
- Applicable scenarios: high-end passenger cars, suitable for long-range requirements and cold areas.
2. Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP)
Technical features: The positive electrode material is lithium iron phosphate, which has excellent thermal stability (thermal runaway temperature 800℃), long cycle life (over 2000 times), low cost, but poor low-temperature performance (obvious attenuation below -10℃ )
Applicable scenarios: mid- and low-end models, suitable for users with high safety requirements and limited budget.
3. Lithium cobalt oxide battery
Technical features: Extremely high energy density (about 200 Wh/kg), but poor high temperature stability, high cost and short cycle life.
Applicable scenarios: Early high-end car models are now gradually being replaced by ternary lithium batteries.
Fuel Cells
1. Hydrogen fuel cells
Technical features: It generates electricity through hydrogen-oxygen chemical reactions and only emits water; it has a fast hydrogen refueling speed (3-5 minutes) and a range of more than 600 kilometers, but the cost of hydrogen storage and transportation is high and the infrastructure is insufficient.
Applicable scenarios: Commercial vehicles and pilot passenger vehicles, suitable for scenarios with high environmental protection requirements and convenient hydrogen refueling.
2. Alkaline Fuel Cell (AFC)
Technical features: It uses liquid alkaline electrolyte, which is highly efficient but requires pure hydrogen fuel. It was used in the aerospace field in the early days, but its commercial application is limited.
Applicable scenarios: special fields (such as aerospace, fixed power stations), fewer civil scenarios.
3. Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC)
Technical features: high operating temperature (650°C), wide fuel adaptability (can process natural gas, biogas, etc.), but long start-up time and high material cost.
Applicable scenarios: industrial power generation and large fixed power stations.
Other battery types
1. NiMH battery
Technical features: long cycle life and good stability, but low energy density (60-120 Wh/kg), high self-discharge rate, and requires regular maintenance.
Applicable scenarios: Hybrid vehicles are gradually being replaced by lithium-ion batteries.
2. Lead-acid battery
Technical features: low cost and mature technology, but extremely low energy density (30-50 Wh/kg), large size and short lifespan.
Applicable scenarios: Low-speed electric vehicles and backup power supplies cannot meet the needs of mainstream electric vehicles.
3. Graphene batteries
- Technical features: extremely fast charging speed (80% charged in 8 minutes) and long cycle life, but the manufacturing cost is too high and it is still in the laboratory stage.
Applicable scenarios: Future technology reserves, difficult to commercialize in the short term.
4. Solid-state batteries
Technical features: It uses solid electrolyte, has an energy density of over 300 Wh/kg, and is highly safe (no risk of electrolyte leakage), but the mass production process is complex and the cost is extremely high.
Applicable scenarios: high-end models, expected to be put into large-scale application around 2030.
Summary of applicable scenarios
Long- range driving demand: ternary lithium battery (high-end models) > solid-state battery (future technology) > hydrogen fuel cell (commercial vehicles).
Safety first: lithium iron phosphate battery (mainstream choice) > solid-state battery > nickel-metal hydride battery.
Low-cost scenario: lithium iron phosphate battery > lead-acid battery > nickel-metal hydride battery.
Extreme low temperature environment: ternary lithium battery > hydrogen fuel cell > solid-state battery.